BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series

Phytoexamination of spring wheat seeds as a factor of optimization of sowing process in the conditions of the Pavlodar region

2024-11-28T05:14:45+00:00

Wheat seeds provide a favorable environment for pathogenic microflora, which leads to a decrease in seed viability and the release of various mycotoxins that seriously affect plant growth and development. The initial growth of spring wheat seeds and the phytopathogenic load were studied as indicators of phytosanitary status and sowing quality. The phytosanitary state of spring wheat seeds in the conditions of the Pavlodar region was determined. A total of 22 varieties of spring wheat were analyzed. The sowing characteristics of spring wheat seeds of different varieties were determined and varietal differences affecting the sowing qualities of seeds were revealed. Phytosanitary results of seeds of grain varieties are presented to determine the composition and level of contamination of seeds. The results of the study revealed a high level of infection of spring wheat seeds with root rot pathogens: Bipolaris sorokiniana, such fungi as Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp. and the pathogens of spring wheat bacteriosis prevailed on the studied samples. The role of hydrothermal conditions in the invasion of seeds by plant pathogens was determined.

Study of starch properties from Crambe kotchiana and Bunias orientalis roots

2024-12-06T06:45:12+00:00

This article touches upon the problem of searching and researching of non-traditional sources of raw materials for food and processing industry, which never loses its urgency. Plants are a universal source of various materials, medicines and food for humans. Starch is one of the most widespread plant biopolymers, which is of value both for the food and processing industries and for the production of packaging material. Starch is synthesized by almost all plant species, but there are species that accumulate it in significant quantities among them. The most famous sources of starch are crops such as potatoes, cereals, and cassava in tropical lands. Properties of the starch obtained from different plants may be somewhat different, so the scope of their application may also be different. The Cabbage family is characterized by a great diversity of species forms and the range of distribution. Some species of this family have been introduced into culture and are widely used as food raw materials, while most species have high potential and still remain poorly studied for their nutritional and biological value. This article is devoted to the study of the properties of starch isolated from a non-traditional plant raw material - from the roots of plants Crambe kotchiana and Bunias orientalis, which are representatives of the Cabbage family. As studies have shown, plants are able to accumulate a significant amount of starch in the roots and their content is almost similar to potatoes. Due to the fact that the organ of starch accumulation in Crambe kotchiana and Bunias orientalis are roots, the technology of processing can be similar to the technology of obtaining starches from the cassava roots. During the research of isolated starch from Crambe kotchiana and Bunias orientalis roots it has been revealed that with respect to technological, organoleptic characteristics as well as physical and chemical properties this species is not inferior to potato starch which makes it suitable for use in food industry.

Results of comparative anatomical studies species of the genus Suaeda Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel. of arid regions of Kazakhstan

2024-11-08T07:26:29+00:00

The article presents the results of the study of anatomical structures of species of the genus Suaeda Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel. growing in arid zones of Kazakhstan. Anatomical features of leaf and stem structure of the following species are considered: Suaeda altissima (L.) Pall., S. acuminata (C.A. Mey.) Moq., S. linifolia Pall., S. physophora Pall. and S. microphylla Pall. The anatomical structure of leaves of succulent plants, in particular Suaeda, differs significantly from that of non-succulents. The shape of leaves of such plants is usually cylindrical. The results of studying the anatomical structure of leaves of the listed species indicate that, like most representatives of the genus Suaeda, they belong to the Salsina-type. Biometric studies were carried out while describing anatomical sections of leaves and stems. The succulent nature of halophytic representatives of the genus is due to their ability to accumulate water in the form of juice in the above-ground part during the rainy season. This allows them to do without moisture from the outside for quite a long time. Moisture accumulates mainly in the stems or leaves. In the first case, the plants are called stem plants, and in the second, leaf succulents.The relevance of the study of the genus Suaeda is due to their belonging to the group of important halophytic components of the flora of both desert and steppe regions. Among them there are medicinal (Suaeda microphylla Pall.), fodder (S. altissima ( L.) Pall.) plants. Species S. linifolia, S. acuminata quite often weed and can be indicators of anthropogenic disturbances.

The role of small RNAs under abiotic stress in plants

2024-11-13T09:51:21+00:00

Small RNAs (sRNA) play an essential role in the epigenetic modulation of the genome. They are implicated in numerous processes, encompassing factors that mitigate both abiotic and biotic stressors. Notable among these are heat shock proteins (HSP), enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and nuclear factor Y (NF-Y). Molecularly, sRNAs are characterized by sequences of approximately 21–23 nucleotides in length. Based on contemporary understandings in plant science, numerous abiotic constraints have the potential to curtail crop yield, growth, and reproductive potential in plants. These constraints exert their deleterious effects by undermining cellular homeostasis, perturbing ionic equilibrium, and impinging upon essential physiological processes. However, evolution has endowed certain plant species with the ability to adapt to elevated thermal conditions through the nuanced regulation of genes and proteins, notably heat shock factors (HSF) and HSP. While there has been an incremental growth in literature concerning microRNA (miRNA) functionality in plants, the emergent targets of miRNA and their intricate relationship with the HSF-HSP complex remain underexplored. In this scholarly review, we delve into the thermal responses of HSF-HSP in both Hordeum vulgare and Arabidopsis thaliana, emphasizing their regulation by miRNA under conditions of heat stress.

The influence of lactic acid bacteria on a number of aspects of the process of producing cheese from camel milk

2024-12-06T06:39:18+00:00

The study of cheese production technology from camel milk remains a relevant task in global science and can significantly contribute to food security and the economic development of Kazakhstan. The processing of camel milk into cheese using modern technological innovations has become possible due to applied research. The use of starter cultures, camel rennet, and milk enrichment with various ingredients has significantly improved the quality parameters of cheese. Starter cultures, consisting of lactic acid bacteria, play a key role in cheese production. They facilitate curd formation by converting lactose into lactic acid, ensuring an optimal pH level for milk coagulation. This, in turn, affects the technological process, as well as the composition and quality of the final product. This study utilized various commercial starter cultures belonging to mesophilic, thermophilic, and combined lactic acid bacteria for the production of cheese from camel milk. The results of the physicochemical analysis of cheese showed significant differences: protein content ranged from 11.18±1.43% to 17.85±1.78%, fat content from 34.72±0.68% to 37.12±0.86%, moisture content from 49.45±1.71% to 66.76±1.49%, and active acidity from 4.79±0.09 to 5.67±0.09 units. The cheese yield from camel milk ranged from 17.97±1.35 to 27.80±1.98 g/100 g. The analysis of viable microflora revealed that cheese prepared with CHN-19 and "Lactoferm eco" (Biochem.srl) starter cultures contained the highest number of viable microorganisms.

Ixodid ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) of the Irtysh River floodplain

2024-11-08T07:35:23+00:00

Blood-sucking ticks are an integral part of the ecosystems and play a key role in the transfer of viruses, bacteria and protozoa from one organism to another. All over the world there is a problem of zoonotic infections, including vector-borne ones. In Kazakhstan, there are several foci of vector-borne infections transmitted by ixodid ticks. In the eastern region of the republic, these are natural foci of tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis, rickettsiosis, and borreliosis in humans, and blood-parasitic diseases of domestic animals, the main vectors of which are ixodid ticks. Despite the important epidemiological and epizootological significance of ixodid ticks, the acarofauna of the Irtysh region has remained poorly studied until now. Research conducted in 2023 in the floodplain of the Irtysh River, in the Pavlodar and East Kazakhstan regions, found 8 species of ixodid ticks belonging to 4 genera. Ticks were mainly collected from households and in the vicinity of populated areas. A comparative description of the faunas of the two regions was carried out and some differences were identified. The fauna of ticks in East Kazakhstan region was represented by four species: Hyalomma scupense, Dermacentor marginatus, D. nuttalli, Haemaphysalis punctata. H. scupense turned out to be dominant in numbers. While in Pavlodar region, 5 species were noted: Dermacentor marginatus, D. reticulatus, Haemaphysalis concinna, H. erinacei, Rhipicephalus pumillio. Remarkably that H. concinna was dominating in numbers, and 2 species have been found for the first time here: Hyalomma scupense - for East Kazakhstan region and H. erinacei - for Pavlodar region.

Study of antimicrobial activity and tolerance to stress factors of Lactobacillus strains for the development of new probiotics

2024-11-01T08:44:24+00:00

Probiotic strains, the main component of which are beneficial lactic acid bacteria, are of considerable interest in biotechnological production. Among various probiotic microorganisms, special attention is paid to Lactobacillus, which have many positive properties. The object of the study is lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus isolated from biological samples, as well as collection strains of the Biobank of the Republican Collection of Microorganisms. The aim of the study is to isolate and characterize the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria for the development of probiotics. In the course of work, 15 probiotically active strains of lactic acid bacteria were screened and four most active cultures (Lactobacillus casei 2LB, Lactobacillus brevis 3LB, Lactobacillus fermentum BV-4, Lactobacillus plantarum 5LB) were selected among the strains of the Biobank of the Republican Collection of Microorganisms. A consortium of starter cultures of these strains was created and the optimal variant was selected for inclusion in the probiotic under development. The probiotic potential of bacteria was studied, including resistance to low pH values, osmotic pressure, such properties as autoaggregation and coaggregation to opportunistic microorganisms. Studies were conducted to investigate the survival of Lactobacillus in the aggressive environment of the gastrointestinal tract, their adhesive properties, ability to produce antimicrobial substances and modulate the immune response. The results showed that Lactobacillus strains can effectively suppress pathogenic microflora, colonize the intestine and stimulate immune processes. This holds promise for the development of novel Lactobacillus-based probiotic preparations to improve human health. These results emphasize the importance of studying the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus and their strain-specific properties, which are essential for the development of functional products.

The Microbiological Aspects of Vermicomposting Organic Waste

2024-11-01T09:23:01+00:00

Altering natural waste into abundant nutrient-rich vermicompost is an ecologically sound and sustainable method known as vermicomposting. Abiotic factors such as feeding material, bedding material, acidity level, temperature, moisture content, and air circulation affect the process. Various microorganisms and earthworms are the key players in the process. However, earthworms are the primary agents of the process, as they increase the microbial populations by fragmenting and ingesting fresh organic matter. The synergistic relationship between earthworms and bacteria is crucial, although Eisenia fetida is the ideal worm for processing various organic wastes such as plant leaf litter, fruit and vegetable waste, animal manure, and municipal solid waste, etc. In short, the literature reviewed showed multiple techniques, including, molecular and culture-dependent analyses, demonstrating that different bacteria are associated with earthworms and organic fertilizers. These bacterial groups include Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and Ammonifers. Organic fertilizers commonly use Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), which contain plant growth hormones, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and "Essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are required for proper growth and development of plants (NPK), and are highly effective in promoting plant growth and development.” Therefore, the contribution of PGPR and nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Azotobacter in producing organic fertilizers is significant for sustainable agriculture practices. In conclusion, "This fertilizer improves soil fertility, while also suppressing harmful phytopathogens and pathogens, ultimately promoting healthy plant growth".